Sample heating stages are available with three distinct methods, each optimized for specific experimental requirements.
Boralectric (PBN/PG) heating operates up to ~1000 °C, combining a pyrolytic graphite core for efficient heat transfer with a pyrolytic boron nitride shell that provides purity, electrical insulation, and chemical resistance—ideal for UHV and inert gas environments.
Direct Current heating extends the range to ~1300 °C by passing current directly through the sample or a conductive support, offering rapid response and high efficiency for electrically conductive materials. For the most demanding applications,
Electron Beam heating reaches temperatures up to ~2000 °C, using a focused high-energy beam to deliver non-contact energy transfer, precise spatial control, and minimal contamination, making it well suited for refractory and extreme high-temperature processes.
